Subsaharan African Country With Highest Rate of Child Art Coverage

Slightly more than than 2 million immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa lived in the United States in 2018. While this population remains small, representing simply 4.5 percent of the land's 44.7 million immigrants, it is a rapidly growing one. Betwixt 2010 and 2018, the sub-Saharan African population increased by 52 percentage, significantly outpacing the 12 percentage growth rate for the overall foreign-born population during that same menses.

There were very few sub-Saharan Africans in the United States just a few decades ago, with under 150,000 residents in 1980. Since then, immigrants from some of the largest sub-Saharan countries, such as Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Somalia, and South Africa, have settled in the United States. Overall, more ii meg immigrants have come from the 51 countries that comprise sub-Saharan Africa, making upwards 84 percent of the 2.4 one thousand thousand immigrants from the entire African continent. The balance are from the 6 countries of North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia.

Figure 1. Sub-Saharan African Immigrant Population in the Usa, 1980-2018

Source: Data from U.S. Census Bureau 2006, 2010, 2015 and 2018 American Community Surveys (ACS), and Campbell J. Gibson and Kay Jung, "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United states of america: 1850-2000" (Working Newspaper no. 81, U.S. Demography Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006), available online.

The diversity in origins for this population is mirrored by the diversity in reasons for coming to the U.s., with the arrival of refugees from conflict-ridden countries such as Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Autonomous Congo-brazzaville (DRC); high-skilled immigrants and foreign students from Nigeria, Republic of kenya, Republic of ghana, and South Africa; Diversity Lottery visas recipients from countries such as Liberia and Cameroon; and, more recently, family unit members reuniting with immigrants already residing in the United States.

Eighty-one percent of all sub-Saharan Africans living in the U.s.a. as of 2018 had come from Eastern and Western Africa. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Somalia comprised the top five sending countries, accounting for 54 pct of all sub-Saharan Africans residing in the Usa (encounter Table ane).

Table i. Distribution of Sub-Saharan African Immigrants by Country and Region of Origin, 2018

Notes: Due to ACS data limitation, people shown in the "Africa, not elsewhere classified" (Africa, n.east.c.) category, who did not report their land of birth, were included in the sub-Saharan African foreign-born group, though some may have been from Due north Africa. The 117,000 foreign born from the residual "Africa, n.e.c." category accounted for less than 5 percent of the total 2.iv million African-born immigrants and for less than 6 percent of the more than ii million sub-Saharan African immigrants.
Source: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) tabulation of data from the U.South. Census Bureau 2018 ACS.

More than one-half of sub-Saharan African immigrants were naturalized U.S. citizens in 2017, and almost of the 97,800 who obtained lawful permanent residence during 2017 (also known as receiving a greenish bill of fare), arrived every bit firsthand relatives of U.S. citizens, as refugees, or through the Diversity Visa Lottery. Compared to the total strange-born population in the United States, sub-Saharan Africans are meliorate educated, tend to participate in the labor forcefulness at higher rates, and are more than likely to speak English at dwelling house. Sub-Saharan Africans experience poverty at college rates than immigrants overall, but are more likely to have health insurance.

While the United states of america is an important global destination for sub-Saharan Africans, intraregional migration is far more common, with 71 pct of emigrants moving betwixt countries in the region, according to 2017 estimates by the Un Population Division. South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire, Uganda, Nigeria, and Federal democratic republic of ethiopia are the chief destinations, hosting 32 percentage of all intraregional migrants. The Great britain (one.3 million), France (978,000), and Italy and Australia (nearly 370,00 each) are also pop destinations for sub-Saharan African migrants.

Click here to view an interactive map showing where migrants from private sub-Saharan African countries (and elsewhere) take settled worldwide.

Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau (the nigh recent 2018 American Community Survey [ACS], too as 2017 and pooled 2013-17 ACS data), the Section of Homeland Security's Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, and Earth Bank almanac remittances information, this Spotlight provides information on the sub-Saharan African immigrant population in the United States, focusing on its size, geographic distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics.

Note: While the characteristics of the overall sub-Saharan African population are based on the entire subregion, analysis of individual countries in this article covers only the largest origin groups: Ethiopians, Ghanaians, Kenyans, Liberians, Nigerians, Somalis, and South Africans.

Click on the bullet points below for more data:

• Distribution past State and Fundamental Cities
• Linguistic communication Diversity and English Proficiency
• Historic period, Education, and Employment
• Poverty
• Immigration Pathways and Naturalization
• Health Coverage
• Diaspora
• Remittances

Distribution past State and Primal Cities

Sub-Saharan Africans tend to spread throughout the Us, and as of 2013-17, the states with the largest shares of these immigrants were Texas (11 percent), New York (9 percent), Maryland (eight percent), California (viii percent), and Minnesota (6 per centum). The pinnacle 5 counties by concentration of sub-Saharan Africans were Harris County, TX; Bronx County, NY; Montgomery County, MD; Prince George's Canton, Doc, and Hennepin County, MN. Together, these counties accounted for almost 15 percent of the total sub-Saharan immigrant population in the U.s..

Figure 2. Summit Destination States for Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States, 2013-17

Notes: Pooled 2013-17 ACS data were used to become statistically valid estimates at the country and metropolitan statistical expanse levels, for smaller-population geographies. Not shown are populations in Alaska and Hawaii, which are pocket-sized in size; for details, visit the MPI Data Hub for an interactive map showing geographic distribution of immigrants past state and county, available online.
Source: MPI tabulation of data from U.S. Demography Bureau pooled 2013-17 ACS.

Click hither for an interactive map that shows the geographic distribution of immigrants past state and county. Select individual sub-Saharan African countries from the dropdown menu to see which states and counties have the most immigrants.

The greater New York Urban center and Washington, DC metropolitan areas were the U.South. cities with the largest number of sub-Saharan immigrants in the 2013-17 period, followed by Minneapolis, Dallas, and Atlanta. These tiptop five metropolitan areas were domicile to virtually 36 percent of sub-Saharan Africans in the United states.

Effigy three. Acme Metropolitan Destinations for Sub-Saharan Africans in the The states, 2013-17

Notes: Pooled 2013-17 ACS data were used to get statistically valid estimates at the metropolitan statistical-area level for smaller-population geographies. Not shown are the populations in Alaska and Hawaii, which are small in size.
Source: MPI tabulation of information from U.S. Census Bureau pooled 2013-17 ACS.

Click hither for an interactive map that highlights the metropolitan areas with the highest concentrations of immigrants. Select individual sub-Saharan African countries from the dropdown menu to see which metro areas have the nearly immigrants.

Table two. Top Concentrations for Sub-Saharan African Immigrants by U.S. Metropolitan Surface area, 2013-17

Source: MPI tabulation of data from U.Southward. Census Bureau pooled 2013-17 ACS.

Language Diversity and English Proficiency

In 2017, 26 percent of sub-Saharan Africans spoke only English at dwelling house, compared to 16 percentage of all immigrants; 27 percent (ages five and over) reported limited English proficiency, compared to 48 percent of the overall foreign-born population. College levels of proficiency in English are non surprising, as most sub-Saharan Africans come from countries where English is an official linguistic communication. Other than English, top languages spoken were Amharic; Somali, Beja, or other Cushitic languages; French; and Swahili and other Bantu languages.

Note: Limited English language proficiency refers to those who indicated on the ACS questionnaire that they spoke English less than "very well."

Age, Educational activity, and Employment

Sub-Saharan Africans are slightly younger than the overall U.S. foreign-born population, but older than the native built-in. In 2017, 82 percentage of sub-Saharan immigrants were of working age (18 to 64 years), compared to 79 percentage and 59 percent for the overall foreign-born and U.Southward.-born populations, respectively.

Effigy four. Age Distribution of U.S. Residents by Origin, 2017

Note: Numbers may not add together up to 100 as they are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Source: PI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 ACS.

Sub-Saharan immigrants have college educational attainment compared to immigrants overall and native U.S. citizens. In 2017, xl percent of sub-Saharan Africans (ages 25 and over) held a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 31 percent of the total foreign-built-in population and 32 percentage of the U.Southward.-built-in population. Nigerians and S Africans were the most highly educated, with 61 per centum and 58 percentage belongings at least a bachelor's degree, respectively; Kenyans (50 percent), Ghanaians (39 per centum), Liberians (31 percent), and Ethiopians (30 percent) followed. Meanwhile, Somalis had the lowest educational attainment of all sub-Saharan Africans, with just xv percent having graduated from a four-year college.

Sub-Saharan Africans also participate in the civilian labor strength at a college charge per unit than the overall immigrant and U.S.-born populations. In 2017, almost 75 percent of sub-Saharan immigrants (ages 16 and over) were in the civilian labor strength, compared to 66 pct of strange-born and 62 percent of native-built-in adults, respectively.

In improver, sub-Saharan Africans were much more likely to be employed in management, business, science, and arts occupations than in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (come across Figure five) in 2017. Southward African (61 percent), Nigerian (54 percent), and Kenyan (50 percent) immigrants were the most likely to hold management positions, while 36 percentage of Somali immigrants worked in product, transportation, and material moving occupations. 30-8 percentage of Liberians were employed in service occupations.

Figure 5. Employed Workers in the U.Due south. Civilian Labor Strength (ages xvi and older) past Occupation and Origin, 2017

Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.Due south. Census Bureau, 2017 ACS.

Poverty

Virtually xix pct of sub-Saharan Africans lived in poverty in 2017, compared to xv percent of all immigrants and 13 percent of the U.S. built-in. Poverty rates were highest among Somalis (42 per centum), and everyman among S Africans (9 pct).

Immigration Pathways and Naturalization

In 2017, 53 percentage of sub-Saharan Africans were naturalized U.S. citizens, compared to 49 percent of all immigrants. Those coming from Federal democratic republic of ethiopia (60 percent) and Southward Africa (59 percent) were near probable to be naturalized U.S. citizens.

Sub-Saharan Africans are more likely than immigrants overall to have entered since 2000. Near 70 per centum arrived in 2000 or subsequently, compared to 47 percent of all immigrants (come across Figure 6).

Effigy vi. Sub-Saharan Africans and All Immigrants in the United States by Period of Inflow, 2017

Source: MPI tabulation of information from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 ACS.

Well-nigh ix percent (97,800) of the 1.i meg immigrants who became legal permanent residents (LPRs) in 2017 were from sub-Saharan Africa. More than half did so as firsthand relatives of U.S. citizens or through family unit-sponsored preferences (44 percent and 12 percentage, respectively; run across Effigy 7). New LPRs from sub-Saharan Africa were much more than likely to have been admitted every bit refugees (25 percentage) or through the Diversity Visa Lottery (15 percent) than immigrants from nearly other regions. Meanwhile, sub-Saharan Africans were much less likely to go light-green-menu holders via employment pathways (4 percent) compared to the overall LPR population (12 percent).

The bulk of new LPRs from Burundi (82 percent), the Commonwealth of Congo (74 percent), and Chad and Rwanda (73 percent each) obtained their green cards past adjusting from refugee or asylee condition. The Diversity Visa program was a significant route for Benin (46 percentage of all dark-green cards issued to the nationals of this country), Togo (44 percent), and Côte d'Ivoire, DRC, and Republic of liberia (34 per centum each).

Figure vii. Immigration Pathways of Sub-Saharan Africans and All Legal Permanent Residents (LPRs) in the United States, 2017

Notes: Family unit-sponsored: Includes developed children and siblings of U.South. citizens equally well as spouses and children of green-menu holders. Immediate relatives of U.South. citizens: Includes spouses, small children, and parents of U.S. citizens. Diversity Visa Lottery: The Immigration Act of 1990 established the Variety Visa Lottery to allow entry to immigrants from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States. The police force states that 55,000 diversity visas are made available each fiscal year (FY). For the FY 2021 Diversity Visa program, nationals of all countries in sub-Saharan Africa except Nigeria are eligible to participate in the lottery.
Source: MPI tabulation of information from Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 2017 Yearbook of Clearing Statistics (Washington, DC: DHS Function of Clearing Statistics, 2018), available online.

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) plan provides temporary reprieve from displacement and work potency to qualified unauthorized immigrants who came to the Usa equally children. As of April thirty, 2019, approximately 669,080 individuals were active participants. Ninety-v percent of DACA recipients were born in Latin America or the Caribbean; recipients from sub-Saharan Africa represented 0.5 percentage (or 3,160) of all participants, with Nigeria and Ghana making upwardly the top ii countries of origin for active DACA participants from the region.

Since 2010, there has been an uptick in the number of sub-Saharan immigrants apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol. Granted, the number is still very minor, increasing from 98 in fiscal year (FY) 2013 to 346 five years after—representing less than one percent of the 404,142 total apprehensions in FY 2018.

Wellness Coverage

Sub-Saharan Africans are about as likely to be covered by private health insurance as the overall strange-built-in population, and slightly less likely to be uninsured (see Figure 8). Among sub-Saharan origin groups, in 2017 South Africans had the lowest uninsured share (9 percent) while Nigerians and Liberians had the highest rates (about 17 percentage each).

Figure 8. Health Coverage for the U.S. Population by Nascency, 2017

Notation: The sum of shares by type of insurance is probable to be greater than 100 because people may take more than than i blazon of insurance.
Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Agency, 2017 ACS.

Diaspora

Approximately 4.three meg members of the sub-Saharan African diaspora resided in the United States in 2017. This approximate includes individuals who were either born in the region or who reported sub-Saharan African ancestry regardless of their identify of birth.

Remittances

Remittances received by sub-Saharan African countries via formal channels have risen almost 13-fold since 2000, reaching $45.7 billion in 2018, according to the Earth Bank. Global remittances account for about three pct of overall gross domestic production (Gdp) in the region. Some African economies accept been more dependent on remittances than others: remittances accounted for 15 percent of GDP in The Republic of the gambia and Lesotho, and 12 per centum in Cabo Verde and Republic of liberia. Although Nigeria received by far the largest amount of remittances in the region in 2018, $24.3 billion, the monetary transfers accounted simply for 6 percent of GDP.

Figure 9. Annual Remittance Flows to Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1980-2018*

*The 2018 figures correspond Earth Bank estimates.
Source: MPI tabulations of data from the World Bank Prospects Group, "Annual Remittances Data," Apr 2019 update.

Visit the Data Hub'southward collection of interactive remittances tools , which track remittances by inflow and outflow, between countries, and over fourth dimension.

Sources

Capps, Randy, Kristen McCabe, and Michael Set. 2012. Diverse Streams: African Migration to the United States. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Plant. Available online.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Part of Clearing Statistics. 2018. 2017 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, DC: DHS Role of Clearing Statistics. Available online.

Gibson, Campbell J. and Kay Jung. 2006. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Built-in Population of the U.s.a.: 1850-2000. Working Paper No. 81, U.Due south. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006. Available online.

Steven Ruggles, Sarah Overflowing, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas, and Matthew Sobek. 2019. IPUMS USA: Version 9.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. Bachelor online.

Thomas, Kevin J. A. 2011. What Explains the Increasing Trend in African Emigration to the U.S.? International Migration Review 45 (1): 3-28.

United nations Population Division. 2017. International Migrant Stock: The 2017 Revision. Accessed October 1, 2019. Available online.

U.S. Demography Bureau. 2019. 2017 American Community Survey. American FactFinder. Available online.

---. 2019. 2018 American Community Survey. Explore Census Information. Available online.

U.S. Citizenship and Clearing Services (USCIS). 2019. Judge Active DACA Recipients: Land of Birth. Updated Apr thirty, 2019. Available online.

U.South. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Various years. U.S. Border Patrol Nationwide Apprehensions by Citizenship and Sector. Updated July 20, 2018. Bachelor online.

World Depository financial institution Prospects Group. 2018. Almanac Remittances Information. Updated April 2019. Bachelor online.

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Source: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sub-saharan-african-immigrants-united-states-2018

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